tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10073515114747701602024-03-05T02:51:35.796-08:00 THE NATURE OF THE WORLDMAKE A DISCOVERYLightninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01998943717993887859noreply@blogger.comBlogger45125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1007351511474770160.post-2268682645805573452019-05-01T05:34:00.002-07:002019-05-01T05:34:47.863-07:00Sunflower<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is an annual plant native to the Americas. It possesses a large inflorescence (flowering head). The sunflower is named after its huge, fiery blooms, whose shape and image is often used to depict the sun. It has a rough, hairy stem, broad, coarsely toothed, rough leaves and circular heads of flowers. The heads consist of many individual flowers which mature into seeds, often in the hundreds, on a receptacle base. From the Americas, sunflower seeds were brought to Europe in the 16th century, where, along with sunflower oil, they became a widespread cooking ingredient. Leaves of the sunflower can be used as cattle feed, while the stems contain a fibre which may be used in paper production.</div>
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What is usually called the "flower" on a mature sunflower is actually a "flower head" (also known as a "composite flower") of numerous florets (small flowers) crowded together. The outer petal-bearing florets are the sterile florets and can be yellow, red, orange, or other colors. The florets inside the circular head are called disc florets, which mature into seeds.</div>
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<span style="background-color: #efefef; color: #393939; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-size: 14px;">The flower petals within the sunflower's cluster are usually in a a spiral pattern. Generally, each floret is oriented toward the next by approximately the golden angle, 137.5°, producing a pattern of interconnecting spirals, where the number of left spirals and the number of right spirals are successive Fibonacci numbers. Typically, there are 34 spirals in one direction and 55 in the other; on a very large sunflower there could be 89 in one direction and 144 in the other. This pattern produces the most efficient packing of seeds within the flower head</span></div>
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Lightninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01998943717993887859noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1007351511474770160.post-45751247394803957482019-05-01T05:17:00.002-07:002019-05-01T05:17:51.193-07:00Fog<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Fog is a collection of liquid water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the air at or near the Earth's surface. While fog is a type of stratus cloud, the term "fog" is typically distinguished from the more generic term "cloud" in that fog is low-lying, and the moisture in the fog is often generated locally (such as from a nearby body of water, like a lake or the ocean, or from nearby moist ground or marshes).Fog is distinguished from mist only by its density, as expressed in the resulting decrease in visibility</div>
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Fog reduces visibility to less than 1 km (5/8 statute mile), whereas mist reduces visibility to no less than 1 km . For aviation purposes in the UK, a visibility of less than 2 km but greater than 999 m is considered to be mist if the relative humidity is 95% or greater - below 95% haze is reported.</div>
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The foggiest place in the world is the Grand Banks off the island of Newfoundland, the meeting place of the cold Labrador Current from the north and the much warmer Gulf Stream from the south. Some of the foggiest land areas in the world include Argentia, Newfoundland and Point Reyes, California, each with over 200 foggy days per year.</div>
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Even in generally warmer southern Europe, thick fog and localized fog is often found in lowlands and valleys, such as the lower part of the Po Valley and the Arno and Tiber valleys in Italy or Ebro Valley in northeastern Iberia, as well as on the Swiss plateau, especially in the Seeland area, in late autumn and winter. Other notably foggy areas include coastal Chile (in the south), coastal Namibia, and the Severnaya Zemlya islands.</div>
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Lightninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01998943717993887859noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1007351511474770160.post-39527304814038881022019-05-01T04:46:00.001-07:002019-05-01T23:37:48.175-07:00Giant panda<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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The panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca, lit. "black and white cat-foot"), also known as the giant panda to distinguish it from the unrelated red panda, is a bear native to central-western and south western China.</div>
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It is easily recognized by the large, distinctive black patches around its eyes, over the ears, and across its round body. Though it belongs to the order Carnivora, the panda's diet is 99% bamboo. Pandas in the wild will occasionally eat other grasses, wild tubers, or even meat in the form of birds, rodents or carrion. In captivity, they may receive honey, eggs, fish, yams, shrub leaves, oranges, or bananas along with specially prepared food</div>
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The giant panda lives in a few mountain ranges in central China, mainly in Sichuan province, but also in the Shaanxi and Gansu provinces. As a result of farming, deforestation and other development, the panda has been driven out of the lowland areas where it once lived.</div>
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The panda is a conservation reliant endangered species. A 2007 report shows 239 pandas living in captivity inside China and another 27 outside the country. Wild population estimates vary; one estimate shows that there are about 1,590 individuals living in the wild, while a 2006 study via DNA analysis estimated that this figure could be as high as 2,000 to 3,000.</div>
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Some reports also show that the number of pandas in the wild is on the rise. However, the IUCN does not believe there is enough certainty yet to reclassify the species from Endangered to Vulnerable</div>
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While the dragon has often served as China's national emblem, internationally the panda appears at least as commonly. As such, it is becoming widely used within China in international contexts, for example the five Fuwa mascots of the Beijing Olympics.</div>
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Origin Wikipedia...</div>
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Lightninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01998943717993887859noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1007351511474770160.post-70932696219304301272019-05-01T04:25:00.004-07:002019-05-01T04:25:54.220-07:00Polar Bear<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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The polar bear (Ursus maritimus) is a bear native largely within the Arctic Circle encompassing the Arctic Ocean, its surrounding seas and surrounding land masses. It is the world's largest land carnivore and also the largest bear, together with the omnivorous Kodiak Bear, which is approximately the same size .</div>
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A boar (adult male) weighs around 350–680 kg (770–1,500 lb), while a sow (adult female) is about half that size. Although it is closely related to the brown bear, it has evolved to occupy a narrower ecological niche, with many body characteristics adapted for cold temperatures, for moving across snow, ice, and open water, and for hunting the seals which make up most of its diet .</div>
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Although most polar bears are born on land, they spend most of their time at sea. Their scientific name means "maritime bear", and derives from this fact. Polar bears can hunt their preferred food of seals from the edge of sea ice, often living off fat reserves when no sea ice is present.</div>
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The polar bear is classified as a vulnerable species, with eight of the nineteen polar bear subpopulations in decline. For decades, large scale hunting raised international concern for the future of the species but populations rebounded after controls and quotas began to take effect.</div>
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For thousands of years, the polar bear has been a key figure in the material, spiritual, and cultural life of Arctic indigenous peoples, and polar bears remain important in their cultures.</div>
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Origin Wikipedia.....</div>
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Lightninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01998943717993887859noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1007351511474770160.post-29652865026038176642019-05-01T04:08:00.002-07:002019-05-01T23:38:44.806-07:00Great white shark<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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The great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, also known as the great white, white pointer, white shark, or white death, is a large lamniform shark found in coastal surface waters in all major oceans</div>
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It is known for its size, with the largest individuals known to have approached or exceeded 6 metres (20 ft) in length, and 2,268 kilograms (5,000 lb) in weight. This shark reaches maturity at around 15 years of age and can have a life span of over 30 years.</div>
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The great white shark is arguably the world's largest known extant macropredatory fish and is one of the primary predators of marine mammals. It is also known to prey upon a variety of other marine animals including fish and seabirds. It is the only known surviving species of its genus, Carcharodon, and is ranked first in a list of number of recorded attacks on humans. The IUCN treats the great white shark as vulnerable, while it is included in Appendix II of CITES.</div>
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The best selling novel Jaws by Peter Benchley and the subsequent blockbuster film by Steven Spielberg depicted the great white shark as a "ferocious man eater". In reality, humans are not the preferred prey of the great white shark.</div>
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Lightninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01998943717993887859noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1007351511474770160.post-91295938136830918872019-05-01T02:14:00.001-07:002019-05-01T02:14:28.668-07:00Tiger<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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The tiger (Panthera tigris), a member of the Felidae family, is the largest of the four "big cats" in the genus Panthera. The tiger is native to much of eastern and southern Asia, and is an apex predator and an obligate carnivore. The larger tiger subspecies are comparable in size to the biggest extinct felids, reaching up to 3.3 metres (11 ft) in total length, weighing up to 300 kilograms (660 pounds), and having canines up to 4 inches (100 mm) long. Aside from their great bulk and power, their most recognisable feature is a pattern of dark vertical stripes that overlays near-white to reddish-orange fur, with lighter underparts. The most numerous tiger subspecies is the Bengal tiger, while the largest is the Siberian tiger.</div>
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Tigers have a lifespan of 10–15 years in the wild, but can live longer than 20 years in captivity. They are highly adaptable and range from the Siberian taiga to open grasslands and tropical mangrove swamps.</div>
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They are territorial and generally solitary animals, often requiring large contiguous areas of habitat that support their prey demands. This, coupled with the fact that they are indigenous to some of the more densely populated places on earth, has caused significant conflicts with humans. Three of the nine subspecies of modern tiger have gone extinct, and the remaining six are classified as endangered, some critically so. The primary direct causes are habitat destruction, fragmentation, and hunting.</div>
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Historically, tigers have existed from Mesopotamia and the Caucasus throughout most of South and East Asia. Today, the range of the species is radically reduced. All surviving species are under formal protection, yet poaching, habitat destruction, and inbreeding depression continue to threaten the tigers.</div>
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Lightninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01998943717993887859noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1007351511474770160.post-9947734035005724542019-04-21T11:41:00.004-07:002019-04-21T11:41:51.468-07:00Cherry<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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A cherry is the fruit of many plants of the genus Prunus, and is a fleshy drupe (stone fruit). The cherry fruits of commerce usually are obtained from cultivars of a limited number of species such as the sweet cherry (Prunus avium) and the sour cherry (Prunus cerasus). The name 'cherry' also refers to the cherry tree and its wood, and is sometimes applied to almonds and visually similar flowering trees in the genus Prunus, as in "ornamental cherry" or "cherry blossom". Wild cherry may refer to any of the cherry species growing outside cultivation, although Prunus avium is often referred to specifically by the name "wild cherry" in the British Isles.</div>
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Many cherries are members of the subgenus Cerasus, which is distinguished by having the flowers in small corymbs of several together (not singly, nor in racemes), and by having smooth fruit with only a weak groove along one side, or no groove. The subgenus is native to the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, with two species in America, three in Europe, and the remainder in Asia. Other cherry fruits are borne on racemes and called bird cherries.</div>
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The English word cherry derives from Old Northern French or Norman cherise from the Latin cerasum, referring to an ancient Greek region, Kerasous near Giresun, Turkey, from which cherries were first thought to be exported to Europe. The indigenous range of the sweet cherry extends through most of Europe, western Asia, and parts of northern Africa, and the fruit has been consumed throughout its range since prehistoric times. A cultivated cherry is recorded as having been brought to Rome by Lucius Licinius Lucullus from northeastern Anatolia, also known as the Pontus region, in 72 BC.</div>
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Cherries were introduced into England at Teynham, near Sittingbourne in Kent, by order of Henry VIII, who had tasted them in Flanders.Cherries arrived in North America early in the settlement of Brooklyn, New York (then called "New Netherland") when the region was under Dutch sovereignty. Trades people leased or purchased land to plant orchards and produce gardens, "Certificate of Corielis van Tienlioven that he had found 12 apple, 40 peach, 73 cherry trees, 26 sage plants.., behind the house sold by Anthony Jansen from Salee to Barent Dirksen ,... ANNO 18th of June 1639."</div>
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The cultivated forms are of the species sweet cherry (P. avium) to which most cherry cultivars belong, and the sour cherry (P. cerasus), which is used mainly for cooking. Both species originate in Europe and western Asia; they usually do not cross-pollinate. Some other species, although having edible fruit, are not grown extensively for consumption, except in northern regions where the two main species will not grow. Irrigation, spraying, labor, and their propensity to damage from rain and hail make cherries relatively expensive. Nonetheless, demand is high for the fruit. In commercial production, sour cherries, as well as sweet cherries sometimes, are harvested by using a mechanized 'shaker'. Hand picking is also widely used for sweet as well as sour cherries to harvest the fruit to avoid damage to both fruit and trees.</div>
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Common rootstocks include Mazzard, Mahaleb, Colt, and Gisela Series, a dwarfing rootstock that produces trees significantly smaller than others, only 8 to 10 feet (2.5 to 3 meters) tall. Sour cherries require no pollenizer, while few sweet varieties are self-fertile. A cherry tree will take three to four years once it's planted in the orchard to produce its first crop of fruit, and seven years to attain full maturity.</div>
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Lightninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07736688853688114476noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1007351511474770160.post-57890317745741081912019-04-20T06:39:00.000-07:002019-04-20T06:39:02.867-07:00Mount Vesuvius<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Mount Vesuvius ( Italian: Monte Vesuvio ; Neapolitan: Vesuvio; Latin: Mons Vesuvius ; also Vesevus or Vesaevus in some Roman sources) is a somma-stratovolcano located on the Gulf of Naples in Campania, Italy, about 9 km (5.6 mi) east of Naples and a short distance from the shore. It is one of several volcanoes which form the Campanian volcanic arc. Vesuvius consists of a large cone partially encircled by the steep rim of a summit caldera caused by the collapse of an earlier and originally much higher structure.</div>
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Mount Vesuvius is best known for its eruption in AD 79 that led to the burying and destruction of the Roman cities of Pompeii, Herculaneum, Oplontis and Stabiae, as well as several other settlements. The eruption ejected a cloud of stones, ashes and volcanic gases to a height of 33 km (21 mi), spewing molten rock and pulverized pumice at the rate of 6×105 cubic metres (7.8×105 cu yd) per second, ultimately releasing a hundred thousand times the thermal energy released by the Hiroshima-Nagasaki bombings. More than 1,000 people died in the eruption, but exact numbers are unknown. The only surviving eyewitness account of the event consists of two letters by Pliny the Younger to the historian Tacitus.</div>
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Vesuvius has erupted many times since and is the only volcano on the European mainland to have erupted within the last hundred years. Today, it is regarded as one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world because of the population of 3,000,000 people living nearby, making it the most densely populated volcanic region in the world, as well as its tendency towards violent, explosive eruptions of the Plinian type.</div>
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Vesuvius has a long historic and literary tradition. It was considered a divinity of the Genius type at the time of the eruption of AD 79: it appears under the inscribed name Vesuvius as a serpent in the decorative frescos of many lararia, or household shrines, surviving from Pompeii. An inscription from Capuato IOVI VESVVIO indicates that he was worshipped as a power of Jupiter; that is, Jupiter Vesuvius.</div>
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The Romans regarded Mount Vesuvius to be devoted to Hercules.The historian Diodorus Siculus relates a tradition that Hercules, in the performance of his labors, passed through the country of nearby Cumae on his way to Sicily and found there a place called "the Phlegraean Plain" (Φλεγραῖον πεδίον, "plain of fire"), "from a hill which anciently vomited out fire ... now called Vesuvius." It was inhabited by bandits, "the sons of the Earth," who were giants. With the assistance of the gods he pacified the region and went on. The facts behind the tradition, if any, remain unknown, as does whether Herculaneum was named after it. An epigram by the poet Martial in 88 AD suggests that both Venus, patroness of Pompeii, and Hercules were worshipped in the region devastated by the eruption of 79.</div>
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Lightninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07736688853688114476noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1007351511474770160.post-9228163201608296332019-04-20T03:42:00.001-07:002019-04-20T03:42:37.784-07:00White Rhinoceros<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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There are two subspecies of white rhinoceros: the southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) and the northern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum cottoni). As of 2013, the southern subspecies has a wild population of 20,405 – making them the most abundant rhino subspecies in the world. However, the northern subspecies is critically endangered, with all that is known to remain being two captive females. There is no conclusive explanation of the name "white rhinoceros".</div>
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A popular idea that "white" is a distortion of either the Afrikaans word wyd or the Dutch word wijd (or its other possible spellings whyde, weit, etc.,), meaning "wide" and referring to the rhino's square lips, is not supported by linguistic studies.</div>
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The white rhino has an immense body and large head, a short neck and broad chest. Females weigh 1,600 kg (4,000 lb) and males 2,400 kg (5,000 lb). The head-and-body length is 3.5–4.6 m (11–15 ft) and the shoulder height is 1.8–2 m (5.9–6.6 ft). On its snout it has two horns.</div>
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The front horn is larger than the other horn and averages 90 cm (35 in) in length and can reach 150 cm (59 in). The white rhinoceros also has a prominent muscular hump that supports its relatively large head. The colour of this animal can range from yellowish brown to slate grey.</div>
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Most of its body hair is found on the ear fringes and tail bristles, with the rest distributed rather sparsely over the rest of the body. White rhinos have the distinctive flat broad mouth that is used for grazing.</div>
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Lightninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07736688853688114476noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1007351511474770160.post-5100418116141675882018-02-05T23:43:00.000-08:002019-04-20T14:07:52.548-07:00Golden Retriever Dog<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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The <b>Golden Retriever</b> is a large-sized breed of dog bred as gun dogs to retrieve shot waterfowl such as ducks and upland game birds during hunting and shooting parties,
and were named 'retriever' because of their ability to retrieve shot
game undamaged. Golden Retrievers have an instinctive love of water, and
are easy to train to basic or advanced obedience standards. They are a
long-coated breed, with a dense inner coat that provides them with
adequate warmth in the outdoors, and an outer coat that lies flat
against their bodies and repels water. Golden Retrievers are well suited
to residency in suburban or country environments. Although they need
substantial outdoor exercise, they should be housed in a fenced area
because of their instinctual tendency to roam. They shed copiously, particularly at the change of seasons, and require fairly regular grooming.</div>
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The breed is a prominent participant in conformation shows for purebred dogs. The Golden Retriever is popular as a disability assistance dog such as being a guide dog for the blind and a hearing dog for the deaf. In addition, they are trained to be a hunting dog, a detection dog, and a search and rescue
participant. The breed's friendly, gentle temperament means it is
unsuited to being a professional guard dog, but its temperament has also
made it the third-most popular family dog breed (by registration) in
the United States, the fifth-most popular in Brazil and Australia, and the eighth-most popular in the United Kingdom. Golden Retrievers are rarely choosy eaters, but require ample exercise (of two or more hours a day). The breed is fond of play but also highly trainable.</div>
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The Golden Retriever is a large, strongly built breed with a dense, water-repellant wavy coat.
As a dog with origins in pedigree breeding, and due to its widespread
historical popularity, some regional variations have emerged in the
breed; therefore, the three subtypes of the Golden Retriever reflect the
typical variations in dimensions and coat. However, all Golden
Retrievers are blonde, yellow, or gold in colour and all subtypes are
susceptible to the same health problems.</div>
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British-type Golden Retrievers are prevalent throughout Europe and Australia.
The skull is broader and the forequarters are more muscular than in
other types. The muzzle is balanced and well chiseled. The coat is
generally lighter in color than in the American types. Males stand
between 22 to 24 in (56 to 61 cm) at the withers; females are between 20
to 22 in (51 to 56 cm). Acceptable or expected weights are not
specified in the UK standard, but the Kennel Club standard calls for a level topline and straight hindquarters without the slight rear angulation found in American lines.</div>
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<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-US_vs._UK_14-0"> </sup>The eyes are round and dark, which is in contrast to the triangular or
slanted composition of their American counterparts. British Golden
Retrievers can have a coat colour of any shade of gold or cream; red or
mahogany are not permitted. Originally, cream was an unacceptable colour
in the UK standard, but the standard was revised in 1936 to include
cream. At the time of this revision, the exclusion of cream as a colour
was agreed to as a mistake, as the original "yellow" retrievers of the
19th century were actually lighter in colour than was permitted by the
standards used before 1936. As with American lines, white is an
unacceptable colour in the show ring. The British Kennel Club standard is used in all countries except the USA and Canada. Golden Retrievers have muscular bodies with great endurance, owing to their origins as hunting and gundogs.</div>
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American types are lankier and less muscular than other types, males stand between 23 and 24 in (58 and 61 cm) in height at the withers;
females are 21.5 to 22.5 in (55 to 57 cm) tall. Their coats are darker
in color and occur in various shades of lustrous gold with moderate
feathering. When trotting, they have a free, smooth, powerful, and
well-coordinated gait; as the dog runs, its feet converge towards the
center of the line of balance.
The American standard also makes requirements about the proportion,
substance, head and skull, neck, body, topline, forequarters, and
hindquarters; in these respects, the American-type Retriever is the same
as Golden Retrievers that conform to other national standards. American
breeders of Golden Retrievers sometimes import their dogs from Britain
to take advantage of the temperament and appearance of the British
types.</div>
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The Canadian Golden Retriever has a thinner and darker coat and stands
taller than other types. Males stand 23 and 24 in (58 and 61 cm) in
height at withers; and females 21.5 to 22.5 in (55 to 57 cm). Weight for
males is between 29–34 kg (65-75 lb); and females between 27–32 kg
(60-70 lb).</div>
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As indicated by their name, their coats occur in light golden to dark
golden colours. The topcoat is water-resistant and slightly wavy, and
sheds in small amounts throughout the year. The undercoat is soft and
keeps the retriever cool in summer and warm in winter; it sheds in the
spring and fall.
It usually lies flat against the belly. The Golden's coat should never
be too long, as this may prove to be a disservice to it in the field,
especially when retrieving game.
Golden Retrievers have mild feathering on the backs of their fore legs
and heavier feathering on the fronts of their necks, backs of their
thighs and the bottoms of their tails.</div>
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The American Kennel Club
(AKC) standard states the coat is a "rich, lustrous golden of various
shades", disallowing extremely light or extremely dark coats. This
leaves the outer ranges of coat colour up to a judge's discretion when
competing in conformation shows. Therefore, "pure white" and "red" are unacceptable, as is black. The Kennel Club (UK) also permits cream as an acceptable coat colour.
Judges may also disallow Goldens with pink noses, or those lacking
pigment. The Golden's coat can also be mahogany, referred to as
"redhead", although this is not accepted in the British show ring.
As a Golden grows older, its coat can become darker or lighter, along
with a noticeable whitening of the fur on and around the muzzle. Puppy
coats are usually much lighter than their adult coats, but a puppy with
darker ear tips may indicate a darker adult color.</div>
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The average lifespan for a Golden Retriever is about 11 to 12 years. They are susceptible to specific ailments, so should be taken to a veterinarian for yearly checkups.</div>
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Golden Retrievers are known to have genetic disorders and other diseases. Hip dysplasia is common in the breed; when buying a puppy, the pedigree should be known and be examined by the OFA or by PennHIP
for hip disease. Obesity is also common in the breed because Golden
Retrievers love to eat. Puppies should eat about three cups of food a
day and adults three to five cups, depending on the food and how active
the dog is.</div>
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Origin Wikipedia...</div>
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<a class="g-profile" href="https://plus.google.com/102900928495747409773" target="_blank">NATURE OF THE WORLD</a> </div>
Lightninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01998943717993887859noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1007351511474770160.post-17037341618252868602014-11-28T22:41:00.001-08:002019-04-20T14:08:48.142-07:00Red Fox<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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The <b>red fox</b> is the largest of the true foxes and the most geographically spread member of the Carnivora, being distributed across the entire Northern Hemisphere from the Arctic Circle to North Africa, Central America and Asia. Its range has increased alongside human expansion, having been introduced to Australia, where it is considered harmful to native mammal and bird populations. Because of these factors, it is listed as Least Concern for extinction by the IUCN.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IUCN_0-1"></sup> It is included among the IUCN's list of the "world's 100 worst invasive species"<br />
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The red fox originated from smaller-sized ancestors from Eurasia during the Middle Villafranchian period,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-k115_2-0"></sup> and colonised North America shortly after the Wisconsian glaciation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-k96_3-0"></sup> Among the true foxes, the red fox represents a more progressive form in the direction of carnivory.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-s480_4-0"></sup>
Apart from its large size, the red fox is distinguished from other fox
species by its ability to adapt quickly to new environments and, unlike
most of its related species, is not listed as endangered anywhere. Despite its name, the species often produces individuals with abnormal colourings, including albinos and melanists.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-s475_5-0"></sup> Forty-five subspecies are currently recognised,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-msw3_6-0"></sup>
which are divided into two categories: the large northern foxes, and
the small, primitive southern foxes of Asia and the Middle East </div>
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Red foxes are social animals, whose groups are led by a mated pair
which monopolises breeding. Subordinates within a group are typically
the young of the mated pair, which remain with their parents to assist
in caring for new kits.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-h413_8-0"></sup> The species primarily feeds on small rodents, though it may also target leporids, game birds, reptiles, invertebrates<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-s513_9-0"></sup> and young ungulates.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-USSR2_10-0"></sup> Fruit and vegetable matter is also eaten on occasion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-f529_11-0"></sup>
Although the red fox tends to displace or even kill smaller predators,
it is nonetheless vulnerable to attack from larger predators, such as wolves, coyotes, golden jackals and medium- and large-sized felines</div>
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The species has a long history of association with humans, having been
extensively hunted as a pest and furbearer for centuries, as well as
being prominently represented in human folklore and mythology. Because
of its widespread distribution and large population, the red fox is one
of the most important furbearing animals harvested for the fur trade</div>
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The red fox is considered a more specialised, progressive form of <i>Vulpes</i> than the Afghan, corsac and Bengal foxes in the direction of size and adaptation to carnivory; the skull displays much fewer neotenous traits than in other species, and its facial area is more developed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-s480_4-1"></sup> It is, however, not as maximally adapted for a carnivorous diet as the Tibetan fox</div>
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The species is Eurasian in origin, and may have evolved from either <i>Vulpes alopecoides</i> or the related Chinese <i>V. chikushanensis</i>, both of which lived during the Middle Villafranchian.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-k115_2-1"></sup> The earliest fossil specimens of <i>V. vulpes</i> were uncovered in Barany, Hungary dating from between 3.4 and 1.8 million years ago.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"></sup>
The ancestral species was likely smaller than the current one, as the
earliest red fox fossils are smaller than modern populations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-k115_2-2"></sup> The earliest fossil remains of the modern species date back to the mid-Pleistocene
in association with the refuse of early human settlements. This has led
to the theory that the red fox was exploited by primitive humans as
both a source of food and pelts</div>
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Red foxes colonized the North American continent in two waves: during or before the Illinoian glaciation, and during the Wisconsinan glaciation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-phylo_17-0"></sup> In the far north, red fox fossils have been found in Sangamonian deposits in the Fairbanks District and Medicine Hat. Fossils dating from the Wisconsian are present in 25 sites in Arkansas, California, Colorado, Idaho, Missouri, New Mexico, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia and Wyoming.
Although they ranged far south during the Wisconsian, the onset of warm
conditions shrank their range toward the north, and have only recently
reclaimed their former American ranges because of human-induced
environmental changes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-k96_3-1"></sup> Genetic testing indicates two distinct red fox refugia
exist in North America, which have been separated since the Wisconsian.
The northern (or boreal) refugium occurs in Alaska and western Canada,
and consists of the large subspecies <i>V. v. alascensis</i>, <i>V. v. abietorum</i>, <i>V. v. regalis</i> and <i>V. v. rubricosa</i>.
The southern (or montane) refugium occurs in the Rocky Mountains'
subalpine parklands and alpine meadows, the Cascade Range and Sierra
Nevada. It encompasses the subspecies <i>V. v. macroura</i>, <i>V. v. cascadensis</i> and <i>V. v. necator</i>.
The latter clade has been separated from all other red fox populations
since the last glacial maximum, and may possess unique ecological or
physiological adaptations </div>
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Lightninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01998943717993887859noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1007351511474770160.post-68420984873952070292014-11-16T03:18:00.001-08:002019-04-20T14:09:32.121-07:00Lotus Flower<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b>Nelumbo nucifera</b>, also known as <b>Indian lotus</b>, <b>sacred lotus</b>, <b>bean of India</b>, or simply <b>lotus</b>, is one of two species of aquatic plant in the family Nelumbonaceae. The Linnaean binomial Nelumbo nucifera (Gaertn.) is the currently recognized name for this species, which has been classified under the former names, Nelumbium speciosum (Willd.) and Nymphaea<i> </i>nelumbo, among others. (These names are obsolete synonyms and should be avoided in current works.) This plant is an aquatic perennial.</div>
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Under favorable circumstances its seeds may remain viable for many
years, with the oldest recorded lotus germination being from that of
seeds 1,300 years old recovered from a dry lakebed in northeastern China .</div>
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<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<i><b><a class="g-profile" href="https://plus.google.com/102900928495747409773" target="_blank">THE NATURE OF THE WORLD</a> </b></i></h3>
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Lightninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01998943717993887859noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1007351511474770160.post-37110815612531073132014-06-06T13:44:00.002-07:002019-04-20T14:06:24.232-07:00Northern saw-whet Owl<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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The <b>Northern Saw-whet Owl</b> (Aegolius acadicus) is a small owl native to North America. The scientific description of one of the sub-species of this owl is attributed to the Rev. John Henry Keen who was a missionary in Canada in 1896.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bo_2-0"></sup> Adults are 17–22 cm (6.7–8.7 in) long with a 42–56.3 cm (16.5–22.2 in) wingspan.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"></sup> They can weigh from 54 to 151 g (1.9 to 5.3 oz) with an average of around 80 g (2.8 oz),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CRC_6-0"></sup> making them one of the smallest owls in North America.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"></sup> They are close to the size of an American Robin. </div>
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The Northern Saw-whet Owl has a round, light, white face with brown and
cream streaks; they also have a dark beak and yellow eyes. They resemble
the Short-eared Owl,
because they also lack ear tufts, but are much smaller. The underparts
are pale with dark shaded areas; the upper parts are brown or reddish
with white spots. They are quite common, but hard to spot.</div>
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The Northern Saw-Whet Owl makes a repeated tooting whistle sound. Some say they sound like a saw being sharpened on a whetstone.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"></sup>
They usually make these sounds to find a mate, so they can be heard
more often April through June when they are looking for mates. Despite
being more common in spring, they do vocalize year round.</div>
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Their habitat is coniferous forests, sometimes mixed or deciduous woods, across North America. Most birds nest in coniferous type forests of the North but winter in mixed or deciduous woods. They also love riparian areas because of the abundance of prey there.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fulcrum_Publishing_9-0"></sup> They live in tree cavities and old nests made by other small raptors. Some are permanent residents, while others may migrate
south in winter or move down from higher elevations. Their range covers
most of North America including southeastern Alaska, southern Canada,
most of the United States and the central mountains in Mexico. The map
shows where they breed and the areas where they can live throughout the
year. </div>
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Some have begun to move more southeast in Indiana and neighboring states. Buidin <i>et al.</i>
did a study of how far north the Northern Saw-whet owls breed and they
found that they can breed northward to > 50º N, farther than ever
recorded before.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"></sup>
Their range is quite extensive and they can even breed in the far north
where most birds migrate from to breed. They are an adaptive species
that can do well in the cold.</div>
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Origin Wikikipedia...</div>
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Lightninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01998943717993887859noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1007351511474770160.post-22398309089201862032014-05-23T12:11:00.000-07:002019-04-20T14:10:52.127-07:00Big Whale <div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Whale is the common name for various marine mammals of the order Cetacea. The term whale sometimes refers to all cetaceans, but more often it excludes dolphins and porpoises,which belong to suborder Odontoceti (toothed whales). This suborder also includes the sperm whale, killer whale, pilot whale, and beluga whale. The other Cetacean suborder Mysticeti (baleen whales), are filter feeders that eat small organisms caught by straining seawater through a comblike structure found in the mouth called baleen. This suborder includes the blue whale, the humpback whale, the bowhead whale and the minke whale. All Cetacea have forelimbs modified as fins, a tail with horizontal flukes, and nasal openings (blowholes) on top of the head.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Whales range in size from the blue whale, the largest animal known to have ever existed[3] at 35 m (115 ft) and 136 tonnes (134 long tons; 150 short tons), to various pygmy species, such as the pygmy sperm whale at 3.5 m (11 ft)</span></span><i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">.</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Whales collectively inhabit all the world's oceans and number in the millions, with annual population growth rate estimates for various species ranging from 3-13%. For centuries, whales have been hunted for meat and as a source of raw materials. By the middle of the 20th century, however, industrial whaling had left many species seriously endangered, leading to the end of whaling in all but a few countries.</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></i>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Like all mammals, whales breathe air, are warm-blooded, nurse their young with milk from mammary glands, and have body hair.
Beneath the skin lies a layer of fat called blubber, which stores energy and insulates the body. Whales have a spinal column, a vestigial pelvic bone, and a four-chambered heart. The neck vertebrae are typically fused, trading flexibility for stability during swimming.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;"><i> </i></span><span style="font-size: small;"><img border="0" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-5aUpkzZ73ac/Sfw_6dBMdzI/AAAAAAAABDw/BV_Ui0putrE/s1600/puertomadryn%252520152.jpg" /></span>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Origin Wikipedia
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Lightninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01998943717993887859noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1007351511474770160.post-27841994940823467042014-05-23T11:45:00.000-07:002019-04-20T14:05:40.730-07:00Elephant<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b>Elephants</b> are large land mammals in two extant genera of the family Elephantidae: <i>Elephas</i> and <i>Loxodonta</i>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MSW3_0-0"></sup> with the third genus <i>Mammuthus</i> extinct.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"></sup> Three living species of elephant are recognized: the African bush elephant, the African forest elephant and the Indian or Asian elephant;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"></sup> although some group the two African species into one<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-African_Elephant_Specialist_Group_3-0"></sup> and some researchers also postulate the existence of a fourth species in West Africa.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"></sup> All other species and genera of Elephantidae are extinct. Most have been extinct since the last ice age, although dwarf forms of mammoths might have survived as late as 2,000 BCE.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"></sup> Elephants and other Elephantidae were once classified with other thick-skinned animals in a now invalid order, Pachydermata.</div>
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Elephants are the largest living land animals on Earth today.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NationalGeographicAfricanElephant_6-0"></sup> The elephant's gestation period is 22 months, the longest of any land animal.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-birds.cornell.edu_7-0"></sup> At birth, an elephant calf typically weighs 105 kilograms (230 lb).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-birds.cornell.edu_7-1"></sup> They typically live for 50 to 70 years, but the oldest recorded elephant lived for 82 years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"></sup> The largest elephant ever recorded was shot in Angola in 1974. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wood_9-0"></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"></sup> This male weighed about 10,900 kg (24,000 lb) with a shoulder height of 3.96 metres (13.0 ft).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SD_Zoo_11-0"></sup> The smallest elephants, about the size of a calf or a large pig, were a prehistoric species that lived on the island of Crete during the Pleistocene epoch.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"></sup> </div>
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Elephants are a symbol of wisdom in Asian cultures and are famed for their memory and intelligence; their intelligence level is thought to be comparable to that of dolphins<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ABCScience_13-0"></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DolphinGuide_15-0"></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Friendsoftheelephant_16-0"></sup> and primates.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hart_17-0"></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Scott_18-0"></sup> Aristotle once said the elephant was "the beast which passeth all others in wit and mind."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"></sup> The word "elephant" has its origins in the Greek <span lang="grc">ἐλέφας</span>, meaning "ivory" or "elephant".</div>
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Lightninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01998943717993887859noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1007351511474770160.post-57499567612812742572014-02-06T02:11:00.002-08:002018-02-06T13:50:39.109-08:00Zebra<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b>Zebras</b> are several species of African equids
(horse family) united by their distinctive black and white stripes.
Their stripes come in different patterns, unique to each individual.
They are generally social animals that live in small harems to large herds. Unlike their closest relatives, horses and donkeys, zebras have never been truly domesticated.<br />
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There are three species of zebras: the plains zebra, the Grévy's zebra and the mountain zebra. The plains zebra and the mountain zebra belong to the subgenus <i>Hippotigris</i>, but Grévy's zebra is the sole species of subgenus <i>Dolichohippus</i>. The latter resembles an ass, to which it is closely related, while the former two are more horse-like. All three belong to the genus <i>Equus</i>, along with other living equids. </div>
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The unique stripes of zebras make them one of the animals most familiar to people. They occur in a variety of habitats, such as grasslands, savannas, woodlands, thorny scrublands, mountains, and coastal hills.
However, various anthropogenic factors have had a severe impact on
zebra populations, in particular hunting for skins and habitat
destruction. Grévy's zebra and the mountain zebra are endangered. While
plains zebras are much more plentiful, one subspecies, the quagga, became extinct in the late 19th century – though there is currently a plan, called the Quagga Project, that aims to breed zebras that are phenotypically similar to the quagga in a process called breeding back.</div>
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The name "zebra" in English dates back to c.1600, from Italian <i>zebra</i>, perhaps from Portuguese, which in turn is said to be Congolese (as stated in the <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>). The <i>Encarta Dictionary</i> says its ultimate origin is uncertain, but perhaps it may come from Latin <i>equiferus</i> meaning "wild horse"; from <i>equus</i> ("horse") and <i>ferus</i>
("wild, untamed"). The word was traditionally pronounced with a long
initial vowel, but over the course of the twentieth century, a vowel shift occurred in England, leading to the modern UK and Commonwealth pronunciation with a short initial vowel.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"></sup> The pronunciation with a long initial vowel remains standard in the United States.</div>
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Lightninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01998943717993887859noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1007351511474770160.post-88571168028459374782013-12-20T22:19:00.000-08:002013-12-20T22:19:33.254-08:00Golden Eagle<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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The <b>Golden Eagle</b> is one of the best-known birds of prey in the Northern Hemisphere. It is the most widely distributed species of eagle. Like all eagles, it belongs to the family Accipitridae.
These birds are dark brown, with lighter golden-brown plumage on their
napes. Immature eagles of this species typically have white on the tail
and often have white markings on the wings. Golden Eagles use their
agility and speed combined with extremely powerful feet and massive,
sharp talons to snatch up a variety of prey .<br />
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Golden Eagles maintain home ranges or territories that may be as large as 200 km<sup>2</sup> (77 sq mi). They build large nests
in high places (mainly cliffs) to which they may return for several
breeding years. Most breeding activities take place in the spring; they
are monogamous and may remain together for several years or possibly for
life. Females lay up to four eggs,
and then incubate them for six weeks. Typically, one or two young
survive to fledge in about three months. These juvenile Golden Eagles
usually attain full independence in the fall, after which they wander
widely until establishing a territory for themselves in four to five
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Once widespread across the Holarctic, it has disappeared from many areas which are now more heavily populated by humans. Despite being extirpated from or uncommon in some its former range, the species is still fairly ubiquitous, being present in sizeable stretches of Eurasia, North America, and parts of North Africa. It is the largest and least populous of the five species of true accipitrid to occur as a breeding species in both the Palearctic and the Nearctic . </div>
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For centuries, this species has been one of the most highly regarded birds used in falconry, with the Eurasian subspecies having been used to hunt and kill prey such as Gray Wolves
in some native communities. Due to its hunting prowess, the Golden
Eagle is regarded with great mystic reverence in some ancient, tribal
cultures. The Golden Eagle is one of the most extensively studied
species of raptor in the world in some parts of its range, such as the Western United States and the Western Palearctic.</div>
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Lightninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01998943717993887859noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1007351511474770160.post-4057823325678775562013-12-09T05:54:00.000-08:002013-12-20T22:05:53.164-08:00Rabbit<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b>Rabbits</b> are small mammals in the family Leporidae of the order Lagomorpha, found in several parts of the world. There are eight different genera in the family classified as rabbits, including the European rabbit , cottontail rabbits , and the Amami rabbit . There are many other species of rabbit, and these, along with pikas and hares, make up the order Lagomorpha. The male is called a buck and the female is a doe; a young rabbit is a kitten or kit.</div>
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Rabbit habitats include meadows, woods, forests, grasslands, deserts and wetlands.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Habitats1_1-0"></sup> Rabbits live in groups, and the best known species, the European rabbit, lives in underground burrows, or rabbit holes. A group of burrows is called a warren . </div>
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More than half the world's rabbit population resides in North America.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Habitats1_1-2"></sup> They are also native to southwestern Europe, Southeast Asia, Sumatra, some islands of Japan, and in parts of Africa and South America. They are not naturally found in most of Eurasia, where a number of species of hares are present.</div>
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Rabbits first entered South America relatively recently, as part of the Great American Interchange. Much of the continent has just one species of rabbit, the tapeti, while most of South America's southern cone is without rabbits.
The European rabbit has been introduced to many places around the world. </div>
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Lightninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01998943717993887859noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1007351511474770160.post-9405774051484499942013-11-01T22:27:00.000-07:002014-02-06T01:36:46.084-08:00Grizzly bear<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The <b>grizzly bear</b> , is any North American subspecies of the brown bear, such as the mainland grizzly , the Kodiak , the peninsular grizzly and the recently extinct California grizzly .<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Schwartz_1-1"></sup> Specialists sometimes call the grizzly the <b>North American brown bear</b> because the grizzly and the brown bear are one species on two continents.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Schwartz_1-2"></sup> In some places, some may nickname the grizzly the <b>silvertip</b> for the silvery, grizzly sheen in its fur.<br />
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Since the mainland grizzly is so widespread, it is representative and
archetypal for the whole subspecific group. Even so, classification is
being revised along genetic lines.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Schwartz_1-3"></sup> Its closest relatives are the European cave bear and the polar bear.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-krause2008_2-0"> </sup></div>
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<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-krause2008_2-0"> </sup>Except for cubs and females,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"></sup> grizzlies are normally solitary, active animals, but in coastal areas, grizzlies gather around streams, lakes, rivers, and ponds during the salmon spawn. Every other year, females (sows) produce one to four young (usually two)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"></sup>
which are small and weigh only about 500 grams (1 lb). A sow is
protective of her offspring and will attack if she thinks she or her
cubs are threatened.</div>
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The word "grizzly" means "grizzled;" that is, golden and grey tips of the hair. This is not to be confused with the word "grisly". Nonetheless, after careful study, naturalist George Ord formally classified the California grizzly in 1815—not for its hair, but for its character—Ursus horribilis.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"></sup> Thus Ord made a famous pun. Indeed there were many accounts of grizzlies fighting and beating longhorn bulls.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"> </sup></div>
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<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><span style="font-size: small;">From 1815 on, grizzlies were classified in a species separate from all
other bear. However, after modern genetic testing, the grizzly joined
the brown bear . So in Eurasia, it is the "brown
bear;" in North America, it is the "grizzly." In other words, the
grizzly and the brown bear are one species on two continents. Currently,
Rausch and others classify three subspecies of the new "North American
brown bear:" U<i>.</i> a.<i> </i>horribilis<i>, </i>middendorffi<i>,</i> and <i>gyas</i>. But more recent studies of mtDNA suggest that this three-fold division of living grizzlies needs revision. Further testing of Y-chromosomes is required to yield an accurate new taxonomy with different subspecies. </span></sup></div>
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Lightninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07736688853688114476noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1007351511474770160.post-48494899457286559412013-10-27T02:18:00.000-07:002014-02-06T01:34:50.458-08:00Flamingo<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b>Flamingos</b> or <b>Flamingoes</b><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"></sup> are a type of wading bird in the genus <i><b>Phoenicopterus</b></i> , the only genus in the family <b>Phoenicopteridae</b>. There are four flamingo species in the Americas and two species in the Old World.<br />
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A wide variety of birds have been proposed as their closest relatives,
on a wide variety of evidence. As a result, flamingos are generally
placed in their own order. </div>
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Traditionally, the long-legged Ciconiiformes, probably a paraphyletic assemblage, have been considered the flamingos' closest relatives and the family was included in the order. Usually the ibises and spoonbills of the Threskiornithidae were considered their closest relatives within this order. Earlier genetic studies, such as those of Charles Sibley and colleagues, also supported this relationship.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"></sup> Relationships to the waterfowl were considered as well,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sibley69_3-0"></sup> especially as flamingos are parasitized by feather lice of the genus Anaticola, which are otherwise exclusively found on ducks and geese.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"></sup> The peculiar presbyornithids were used to argue for a close relationship between flamingos, waterfowl, and waders,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"></sup> but they are now known to be unequivocal waterfowl. </div>
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Recent molecular studies have suggested a relation with grebes,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamingo#cite_note-8"></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"></sup>
while morphological evidence also strongly supports a relationship
between flamingos and grebes. They hold at least eleven morphological
traits in common, which are not found on other birds. Many of these
characteristics have been previously identified on flamingos, but not on
grebes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"></sup> The fossil Palaelodids can be considered evolutionarily, and ecologically, intermediate between flamingos and grebes.</div>
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For the grebe-flamingo clade, the taxon Mirandornithes
("miraculous birds" due to their extreme divergence and apomorphies)
has been proposed. Alternatively, they could be placed in one order,
with Phoenocopteriformes taking priority.</div>
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Flamingoes are well attested in the fossil record, with the first unequivocal member of the extant family Phoenicopteridae, Elornis known from the Late Eocene. A considerable number of little-known birds from the Late Cretaceous onwards are sometimes considered to be flamingo ancestors. These include the genera Torotix, Scaniornis, Gallornis, Agnopterus, Tiliornis, <i>Juncitarsus</i>, and Kashinia; these show a mix of characters and are fairly plesiomorphic in comparison to modern birds. (The supposed "Cretaceous flamingo" <i>Parascaniornis</i> is actually a synonym of Baptornis and not a close relative to any living bird.)</div>
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An extinct family of peculiar "swimming flamingos", the Palaelodidae, are believed to be related to, or to be the ancestors of, the modern flamingos. This is sometimes rejected, since the fossil <i>Elornis</i> is known to be from some time before any palaelodid flamingos have been recorded. There exists a fairly comprehensive fossil record of the genus <i>Phoenicopterus</i>. The systematics of prehistoric Phoenicopteridae known only from fossils is as follows.</div>
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</style>Lightninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01998943717993887859noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1007351511474770160.post-8398284077681542202013-10-20T08:52:00.000-07:002014-02-06T01:31:55.742-08:00Great Tit<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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The <b>Great Tit</b> (Parus major) is a passerine bird in the tit
family Paridae. It is a widespread and common species throughout
Europe, the Middle East, Central and Northern Asia, and parts of North
Africa in any sort of woodland. It is generally resident, and most Great
Tits do not migrate except in extremely harsh winters. Until 2005 this species was lumped with numerous other subspecies. DNA
studies have shown these other subspecies to be distinctive from the
Great Tit and these have now been separated as two separate species, the
Cinereous Tit of southern Asia, and the Japanese Tit of East Asia. The Great Tit remains the most widespread species in the genus Parus.<br />
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The Great Tit is a distinctive bird, with a black head and neck,
prominent white cheeks, olive upperparts and yellow underparts, with
some variation amongst the numerous subspecies. It is predominantly insectivorous in the summer, but will consume a wider range of food items in the winter months, including small hibernating bats.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"></sup>
Like all tits it is a cavity nester, usually nesting in a hole in a
tree. The female lays around 12 eggs and incubates them alone, although
both parents raise the chicks. In most years the pair will raise two
broods. The nests may be raided by woodpeckers, squirrels and weasels and infested with fleas, and adults may be hunted by Sparrowhawks.
The Great Tit has adapted well to human changes in the environment and
is a common and familiar bird in urban parks and gardens. The Great Tit
is also an important study species in </div>
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The Great Tit was originally described under its current binomial name by Linnaeus in his 18th century work, Systema Naturae.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"></sup> Its scientific name is derived from the Latin parus "tit" and maior "larger" . The Great Tit was formerly treated as ranging from Britain to Japan and
south to the islands of Indonesia, with 36 described subspecies ascribed
to four main species groups. The major group had 13 subspecies across Europe, temperate Asia and north Africa, the minor group's nine subspecies occurred from southeast Russia and Japan into northern southeast Asia and the 11 subspecies in the cinereus group were found from Iran across south Asia to Indonesia. The three bokharensis subspecies were often treated as a separate species, Parus bokharensis, the Turkestan Tit. This form was once thought to form a ring species around the Tibetan Plateau, with gene flow throughout the subspecies, but this theory was abandoned when sequences of mitochondrial DNA were examined, finding that the four groups were distinct (monophyletic) and that the hybridisation zones between the groups were the result of secondary contact after a temporary period of isolation.<br />
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A study published in 2005 confirmed that the major group was distinct from the cinereus and minor groups and that along with P.m. bokharensis it diverged from these two groups around 1.5 million years ago. The divergence between the bokharensis and major
groups was estimated to have been about half a million years ago. The
study also examined hybrids between representatives of the <i>major</i> and minor groups in the Amur Valley
where the two meet. Hybrids were rare, suggesting that there were some
reproductive barriers between the two groups. The study recommended that
the two eastern groups be split out as new species, the Cinereous Tit (Parus cinereus), and the Japanese Tit (Parus minor), but that the Turkestan Tit be lumped in with the Great Tit.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"></sup> This taxonomy has been followed by some authorities, for example the IOC World Bird List.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"></sup> The Handbook of the Birds of the<i> </i>World volume treating the Parus
species went for the more traditional classification, treating the
Turkestan Tit as a separate species but retaining the Japanese and
Cinereous Tits with the Great Tit,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-HBW_9-0"></sup> a move that has not been without criticism.<br />
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The nominate subspecies
of the Great Tit is the most widespread, its range stretching from the
Iberian Peninsula to the Amur Valley and from Scandinavia to the Middle
East. The other subspecies have much more restricted distributions, four
being restricted to islands and the remainder of the <i>P. m. major</i> subspecies representing former glacial refuge populations.
The dominance of a single, morphologically uniform subspecies over such
a large area suggests that the nominate race rapidly recolonised a
large area after the last glacial epoch. This hypothesis is supported by genetic studies which suggest a geologically recent genetic bottleneck followed by a rapid population expansion. </div>
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Origin : Wikipedia...</div>
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<a class="g-profile" href="http://plus.google.com/108634168576673050004" target="_blank">NATURE OF THE WORLD</a> </div>
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<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kvist_5-0"></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"> </sup></div>
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</style>Lightninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01998943717993887859noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1007351511474770160.post-39964806363370534252013-08-21T05:59:00.000-07:002019-04-20T12:52:13.979-07:00Four element Water<div style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Water is a chemical substance with the chemical formula H2O. Its molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and gaseous state (water vapor or steam). Water also exists in a liquid crystal state near hydrophilic surfaces.</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Water covers 70.9% of the Earth's surface, and is vital for all known forms of life. On Earth, it is found mostly in oceans and other large water bodies, with 1.6% of water below ground in aquifers and 0.001% in the air as vapor, clouds (formed of solid and liquid water particles suspended in air), and precipitation. Oceans hold 97% of surface water, glaciers and polar ice caps 2.4%, and other land surface water such as rivers, lakes and ponds 0.6%. A very small amount of the Earth's water is contained within biological bodies and manufactured products.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Water on Earth moves continually through a cycle of evaporation or transpiration (evapotranspiration), precipitation, and runoff, usually reaching the sea. Over land, evaporation and transpiration contribute to the precipitation over land.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: center;">Clean drinking water is essential to humans and other lifeforms. Access to safe drinking water has improved steadily and substantially over the last decades in almost every part of the world. There is a clear correlation between access to safe water and GDP per capita. However, some observers have estimated that by 2025 more than half of the world population will be facing water-based vulnerability. A recent report (November 2009) suggests that by 2030, in some developing regions of the world, water demand will exceed supply by 50%. Water plays an important role in the world economy, as it functions as a solvent for a wide variety of chemical substances and facilitates industrial cooling and transportation. Approximately 70% of freshwater is consumed by agriculture.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: center;"> Origin Wikipedia ..</span></div>
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Lightninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01998943717993887859noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1007351511474770160.post-33685074173164833012013-07-28T20:40:00.000-07:002013-08-18T09:52:17.939-07:00Starfish<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b>Starfish</b> or <b>sea stars</b> are echinoderms belonging to the class <b>Asteroidea</b>.
The names "starfish" and "sea star" essentially refer to members of
this class. However, common usage frequently finds these names being
also applied to ophiuroids,
which are correctly referred to as "brittle stars" or "basket stars".
About 1,500 living species of starfish occur on the seabed in all the
world's oceans, from the tropics to subzero polar waters. They are found
from the intertidal zone down to abyssal depths, 6,000 m (20,000 ft) below the surface.<br />
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Starfish are among the most familiar of marine invertebrates. They
typically have a central disc and five arms, though some species have
more than this. The aboral or upper surface may be smooth, granular or
spiny, and is covered with overlapping plates. Many species are brightly
coloured in various shades of red or orange, while others are blue,
grey or brown. Starfish have tube feet operated by a hydraulic system and a mouth at the centre of the oral or lower surface. They are opportunistic feeders and are mostly predators on benthic invertebrates. Several species having specialized feeding behaviours including eversion of their stomachs and suspension feeding </div>
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They have complex life cycles and can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Most can regenerate damaged parts or lost arms and they can shed arms as a means of defence. The Asteroidea occupy several significant ecological roles. Starfish, such as the ochre sea star (Pisaster ochraceus) and the reef sea star (Stichaster australis), have become widely known as examples of the keystone species concept in ecology. The tropical crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) is a voracious predator of coral throughout the Indo-Pacific region, and the northern Pacific sea star is considered to be one of the world's 100 worst invasive species.</div>
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The fossil record for starfish is ancient, dating back to the Ordovician around 450 million years ago, but it is rather poor, as starfish tend to disintegrate after death. Only the ossicles
and spines of the animal are likely to be preserved, making remains
hard to locate. With their appealing symmetrical shape, starfish have
played a part in literature, legend, design and popular culture. They
are sometimes collected as curios, used in design or as logos, and in
some cultures, despite possible toxicity, they are eaten.</div>
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The scientific name Asteroidea was given to starfish by the French zoologist de Blainville in 1830.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"></sup> It is derived from the Greek <i>aster</i>, ἀστήρ (a star} and the Greek <i>eidos</i>, εἶδος (form, likeness, appearance).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"></sup> The class Asteroidea belongs to the phylum Echinodermata. As well as the starfish, the echinoderms include sea urchins, sand dollars, brittle and basket stars, sea cucumbers and crinoids. The larvae of echinoderms have bilateral symmetry but this is lost during metamorphosis after which they develop radial symmetry, typically pentamerism.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lander_5-0"></sup> Adult echinoderms characterized by having a water vascular system with external tube feet and a calcareous endoskeleton consisting of ossicles connected by a mesh of collagen fibres </div>
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The starfish are included in the subphylum Asterozoa,
the characteristics of which include a flattened, star-shaped body as
adults consisting of a central disc and multiple radiating arms. The
subphylum includes the two classes of Asteroidea, the starfish, and Ophiuroidea,
the brittle stars and basket stars. The asteroids have broad-based arms
with skeletal support provided by calcareous plates in the body wall<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-treeoflife_7-0"></sup> while ophiuroids have clearly demarcated slender arms strengthened by paired fused ossicles forming jointed "vertebrae"</div>
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The starfish are a large and diverse class with about 1,500 living species. There are seven extant orders, Brisingida, Forcipulatida, Notomyotida, Paxillosida, Spinulosida, Valvatida and Velatida<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Asterozoa_1-1"></sup> and two extinct ones, Calliasterellidae and Trichasteropsida .</div>
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Lightninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01998943717993887859noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1007351511474770160.post-79952897080050412072013-07-12T03:05:00.000-07:002013-07-26T02:56:52.752-07:00Baobap Tree <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b>Baobab</b> is the common name of a genus of trees (<i><b>Adansonia</b></i>). There are eight species, six native to Madagascar, and one each to mainland Africa and Australia. It is the national tree of Madagascar.</div>
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Other common names include 'boab', 'boaboa', 'bottle tree', 'the tree
of life', 'upside-down tree', and 'monkey bread tree'. The trees reach
heights of 5 to 30 metres (16 to 98 ft) and trunk diameters of 7 to 11
metres (23 to 36 ft). Its trunk can hold up to 120,000 litres of water.
For most of the year, the tree is leafless, and looks very much like it
has its roots sticking up in the air.<br />
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The trees are long-lived, but just how long is disputed. The owners of Sunland Farm in Limpopo, South Africa have built a pub
called "The Big Baobab Pub" inside the hollow trunk of the 22 metres
(72 ft) high tree. The tree is 47 m (155 ft) in circumference, and is
said to have been carbon dated at over 6,000 years old.<sup> </sup></div>
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The Baobab Tree is known as the tree of life, with good reason. It can
provide shelter, clothing, food, and water for the animal and human
inhabitants of the African savannah
regions. The cork-like bark and huge stem are fire resistant and are
used for making cloth and rope. The leaves are used as condiments and
medicines. The fruit, called "monkey bread", is edible, and full of Vitamin C. As of 2010 experts estimate the potential international market at a billion dollars($US) a year.</div>
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The fruit has a velvety shell and is about the size of a coconut, weighing about 1.44 kilograms (3.2 lb). It has a somewhat acidic flavour, described as 'somewhere between grapefruit, pear, and vanilla'. The tree can store hundreds of litres of water, which is an adaptation to the harsh drought conditions of its environment. The tree may be tapped in dry periods. Mature trees are usually hollow, providing living space for many animals
and humans. Trees are even used as bars, barns, wine and beer shops and
more.</div>
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Lightninghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01998943717993887859noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1007351511474770160.post-16066510977897880442013-06-25T08:24:00.004-07:002014-02-06T01:30:13.767-08:00Strawberry<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b><i>Fragaria</i> × <i>ananassa</i></b>, commonly known as <b>strawberry</b> or <b>garden strawberry</b>, is a hybrid species that is cultivated worldwide for its fruit. The fruit (which is not a botanical berry, but an aggregate accessory fruit)
is widely appreciated for its characteristic aroma, bright red color,
juicy texture, and sweetness. It is consumed in large quantities, either
fresh or in prepared foods such as preserves, fruit juice, pies, ice creams, milkshakes, and chocolates. Artificial strawberry aroma is also widely used in many industrialized food products.<br />
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The garden strawberry was first bred in Brittany, France, in the 1750s via a cross of Fragaria virginiana from eastern North America and Fragaria chiloensis, which was brought from Chile by Amédée-François Frézier in 1714.</div>
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Cultivars of Fragaria × ananassa have replaced, in commercial production, the woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca), which was the first strawberry species cultivated in the early 17th century.</div>
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Technically, the strawberry is an aggregate accessory fruit, meaning
that the fleshy part is derived not from the plant's ovaries but from
the receptacle that holds the ovaries.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Esau_3-0"></sup> Each apparent "seed" (achene) on the outside of the fruit is actually one of the ovaries of the flower, with a seed inside it.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Esau_3-1"></sup> </div>
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The first garden strawberry was grown in France during the late 18th century.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-welsh1_2-1"></sup> Prior to this, wild strawberries and cultivated selections from wild strawberry species were the common source of the fruit.</div>
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The strawberry fruit was mentioned in ancient Roman literature in
reference to its medicinal use. The French began taking the strawberry
from the forest to their gardens for harvest in the 1300s. Charles V,
France's king from 1364 to 1380, had 1,200 strawberry plants in his
royal garden. In the early 1400s western European monks were using the
wild strawberry in their illuminated manuscripts. The strawberry is
found in Italian, Flemish, German art, and English miniatures.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)"></span></i></sup> The entire strawberry plant was used to treat depressive illnesses. </div>
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By the 1500s references of cultivation of the strawberry became more
common. People began using it for its supposed medicinal properties and
botanists began naming the different species. In England the demand for
regular strawberry farming had increased by the mid-1500s. Instructions
for growing and harvesting strawberries showed up in writing in 1578. By
the end of the 1500s three European species had been cited; <i>F. vesca</i>, <i>F. moschata</i>, and <i>F. viridis</i>.
The garden strawberry was transplanted from the forests and then the
plants would be propagated asexually by cutting off the runners.</div>
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